1. Singer AJ, Richman PB, Kowalska A, et al. Comparison of Patient and practitioner Assessments of Pain from Commonly Performed Emergency Department Procedures. Ann Emerg Med 1999;33:652-658.

 

2 .  Olson KR. Emergency evaluation and treatment. In Poisoning and Drug Overdose 3 rd Edition, Olson KR ed. Appleton & Lange, Stamford CT: 1999.

 

3 .  Danzl DF. Accidental hypothermia. In Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice 5 th edition, Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, eds. Mosby, St. Louis: 2002.

 

4 .  Wrenn, K. The lowly nasogastric tube: still appropriate after all these years (at times.) American Journal of Emergency Medicine 1993; 11 84-89.

 

5 .  Gogel HK, Tandberg D. Emergency management of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. American Journal of Emergency Medicine 1986; 4: 150-162.

 

6 .  Lieberman D. Gastrointestinal bleeding: initial management. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 1993; 22(4): 723-36.

 

7 .  Cuellar RE, Gavaler JS, Alexander JA, et al. Gastrointestinal Tract Hemorrhage. Arch Intern Med 1990;150:1381-1384.

 

8 .  Ramakrishnan K, Mold JW. The place of the nasogastric tube. Journal of the Oklahoma State Medical Association 2002; 95:535- 538.

 

9 .  Goff JS. Gastroeosphageal varices: pathogenesis and therapy of acute bleeding. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 1993; 22(4): 779-800.

 

10 .  Sarr MG, Sanfey H, Cameron, JL. Prospective, Randomized Trial of Nasogastric Suction in Patients with Acute Pancreatitis. Surgery 1986; 100:500-504.

 

11.   Lange P, Pedersen T. Initial treatment of acute pancreatitis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1983: 157:332-4.

 

12 .  Goff JS, Feinberg LE, Brugge WR. A randomized trial comparing cimetidine to nasogastric suction in acute pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci. 1982; 27:1085-1088

 

13 .  Fuller RK, Loveland JP, Frankel MH. An evaluation of the efficacy of nasogastric suction treatment in alcoholic pancreatits. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1981; 75:349-53.

 

14 .  Loiudice TA, Lang J, Mehta H, et al. Treatment of Alcoholic Pancreatitis: The Roles of Cimetidine and Nasogastric Suction. Am J Gastro 1984;79:553-558.

 

15 .  Naeije R, Salingret E, Clumeck N, et al. Is Nasogastric Suction Necessary in Acute Pancreatitis? BMJ 1978;2:659-660.

 

16 .  Samuels, LE. "Nasogastric and Feeding Tube Placement" in Clinical Procedures in Emergency Medicine, 3 rd Edition , Roberts, JR and Hedges JR, eds. WB Saunders Co, 1998, pp. 693-713.

 

17 .  Castiglione AG, Bruzzone E, Burrello C, et al. Intracranial Insertion of a Nasogastric Tube in a Case of Homicidal Head Trauma. Am J For Med 1998;19:329-334.

 

18 .  Ritter DM, Rettke SR, Hughes RW, Burritt MF, Sterioff S, IlstrupDM. Placement of nasogastric tubes and esophageal stethoscopes in patients with documented esophageal varices.. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1988;67:283-5.

 

19 .  Siberry GK, in The Harriet Lane Handbook, 15 th edition. Siberry GK, Iannone R, editors. Mosby, St. Louis: 2000

 

20 .  Moore KL.  Clinically oriented anatomy 3rd edition.  Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore: 1992.

 

21 .  Dees G. Difficult nasogastric tube insertions. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 1989; 7(1):177- 182.

 

22 .  Wolfe TR, Fosnocht DE, Linscott, MS. Atomized Lidocaine as Topical Anesthesia for Nasogastric Tube Placement: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Ann Emerg Med 2000;35:421-425.

 

23 .  Holger JS, Cheesebrow DJ. Comparison of Pre-Treatment Viscous Lidocaine to Placebo for the Reduction of Discomfort Associated with Nasogastric Intubation. Ann Emerg Med 1998;32 supplement:S54.

 

24 .  Singer AJ, Konia N. Comparison of topical anesthetics and vasoconstrictors vs. lubricants prior to nasogastric intubation: a randomized, controlled trial. Academic Emergency Medicine 1999; 6:184-190.

 

25 .  Asai T, Hidaka I, Kawachi S. Inadvertent insertion of a gastric tube into the airway in an awake patient. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia. 2002; 49:322-326.

 

26 .  El-Gamel A., Watson DCT. Transbronchial intubation of the right pleural space: a rare complication of nasogastric intubation with a polyvinylchloride tube-a case study. Heart & Lung 1993; 22:224-225.

 

27 .  Sabga E, Dick A, Lertzman, M, et al. Direct Administration of Charcoal into the Lung and Pleural Cavity. Ann Emerg Med 1997;30:695-697.

 

28 .  Thomas B, Cummin D, Falcone RE. Accidental Pneumothorax from a Nasogastric Tube. NEJM 1996;335:1325.

 

29 .  Jackson RH, Payne K, Bacon BR. Esophageal perforation due to nasogastric intubation. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1990;86:439-442.

 

30 .  Metheny NA. Inadvertent intracranial nasogastric tube placement. American Journal of Nursing 2002; 102:25-27.

 

31 .  Hall FM. Mandatory radiographs after tube placement. New England Journal of Medicine 1997; 336:1108-9.

 

32 .  Harris CR, Filandrinos D. Accidental administration of activated charcoal into the lung: aspiration by proxy. Annals of Emergency Medicine 1993; 22: 1470- 1473.

 

33 .  Burns SM, Carpenter R, Truwit JD. Report on the Development of a Procedure to Prevent Placement of Feeding Tubes into the Lungs using End-Tidal CO2 Measurements. Crit Care Med 2001;29.

 

34 .  Araujo-Preza CE, Melhado ME, Gutierrez FJ, Maniatis T, Castellano MA. Use of capnometry to verify feeding tube placement. Critical Care Medicine 2002; 30: 2255-59.

 

35 .  Agarwal A, Gaur A, Sahu D, et al. Nasogastric tube Knotting Over the Epiglottis: A Cause of Respiratory Distress. Anesth Analg 2002;94:1659-60.

 

36 .  Ahmed A, Aggarwal M, Watson E. Esophageal perforation: a complication of nasogastric tube placement. American Journal of Emergency Medicine 1998;16:64-66.

 

37 .  Duke GJ, Harding J. Pneumothorax from a nasogastric tube. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 1990; 18:265.

 

38 .  Konarzewski, Richards GDH, Thomson SJ. Pneumothorax following insertion of nasogastric tube. Anaesthesia. 1986; 41:678.

 

39 .  Kannan S, Morrow B, Furness G. Tension pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum after nasogastric tube insertion. Anaesthesia 1999; 54:1012-1013.

 

40 .  Fisman DN, Ward ME. Intrapleural placement of a nasogastric tube: an unusual complication of nasotracheal intubation. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia1 1996; 43:1252-6.

 

41 .  Ferrer M, Bauer TT, Torres A, Hernandez C, Piera C. Effect of nasogastric tube size on gastroesophageal reflux and microaspiration in intubated patients. Annals of Internal Medicine 1999; 130:991-994.

 

42 .  Manning BJ, Winter DC, McGreal G, Kirwan WO, Redmond HP. Nasogastric intubation causes gastroesophageal reflux in patients undergoing elective laparotomy. Surgery 2001; 130:788-91.

 

43 .  Katz MI, Faibel M. Inadvertent Intracranial placement of a nasogastric tube. AJR 1994; 163:222.

 

44 .  Arslantas A, Durmaz R, Cosan E, Tel E. Inadvertent insertion of a nasogastric tube in a patient with head trauma. Child's Nervous System 2001:17:112-114

 

45 .  Howng, SH, Kwan AL, Sun ZM. Intracranial misinsertion of nasogastric tube-case report. Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences 1987; 3:738-741.

 

46 .  Jerreras J, Junquera LM, Garcia-Consuegra L. Intracranial placement of a nasogastric tube after severe craniofacial trauma. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology 2000; 90:564-6.

 

47 .  Sacks AD. Nasogastric tube complications-a precautionary note. South African Medical Journal 1992; 81:578-9.

 

48 .  Baskaya MK. Inadvertent Intracranial placement of a nasogastric tube in patients with head injuries. Surgical Neurology 1999; 52:427-7.

 

49 .  Mallampati SR, Ibrahim A. Orogastric intubation: near-strangulation of endotracheal tube. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1993: 76: 665-86

 

50 .  Au-Truong X, Lopez G, Joseph NJ, Salem MR. A case of a nasogastric tube knotting around a tracheal tube: detection and management. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1999; 89:1579-82

 

51 .  Pousman RM, Koch SM. Endotracheal tube obstruction after orogastric tube placement. Anesthesiology 1997; 87:1247-1248.

 

Back