Arrowsmith J, Campbell C. A comparison of local anaesthetics for venepuncture. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2000; 82(4): 309-310.

 

Breen PH, Hong A. Beware of air in the blood pump. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2000; 91: 1038.

 

Cardo DM, Cluver DH, et.al. The case-control study of HIV seroconversion and healthcare workers after percutaneous exposure. New England Journal of Medicine 1997; 337:1485-1490.

 

CDC abstract: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/hip/NASH/4thabstracts.htm

 

Feied CF. Venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. In: Rosen: Emergency Medicine, Concepts and Clinical Practice, 5th edition. Mosby, St. Louis, 2002.

 

Garrison RN, Wilson MA. Intravenous and central catheter infections. Surgical Clinics of North America 1994; 74: 557-570.

 

Hahn I. EMLA-induced methemoglobinemia and lidocaine toxicity. Journal of Toxicology and Clincal Toxicology 1999: 37(5):621.

 

Jakobosn B, Nilsson A. Methemoglobinemia associated with a prilocaine-lidocaine cream and tremethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. A case report. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1985; 29(4):453-455.

 

Lenhardt R, Seybold T, Kimberger O, Stoiser B, Sessler DI. Local warming and insertion of peripheral venous cannulas: single blinded prospective randomised controlled trial and single blinded randomised crossover trial. BMJ 2002; 325: 409.

 

Liu SL, Zane R. Peripheral intravenous access. In:Roberts: Clinical Procedures in Emergency Medicine, 4th ed., Elsevier, St. Louis, 2004.

Moloughney, Brent W. Transmission and postexposure management of bloodborne virus infections in the health care setting: Where are we now? CMAJ 2001; 165: 445-451.

 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). DHHS (NIOSH) publication no. 2000-108. November 1999. (available online)

 

Roye GD, Breazeale EE, Byrnes JPM, Rue LW. Management of catheter emboli. Southern Medical Journal 1996; 89:714-717.

 

Russo PL, Harrington GA, Spelman DW. Needless intravenous systems: a review. American Journal of Infection Control. 1999; 27(5): 431-434.

 

Shockley LW. Scuba diving and dysbarism. In: Rosen: Emergency Medicine, Concepts and Clinical Practice, 5th edition. Mosby, St. Louis, 2002.

 

Sitges-Serra B, Girvent M. Catheter-related bloodstream infections. World Journal of Surgery 1999; 23:589-595.

 

Soifer NE, Borzak S, Edlin BR, Weinstein. Prevention of peripheral venous catheter complications with an intravenous therapy team. Archives of Internal Medicine 1998; 158: 473-477.

 

Tagalakis V, Kahn SR, Libman M, Blostein M. The epidemiology of peripheral vein infusion thrombophlebitis: a critical review. The American Journal of Medicine 2002; 113:146-151.

 

Tan L, Hawk JC, Sterling ML. Report of the council of scientific affairs: prevention of needlestick injuries in health care settings. Archives of Internal Medicine 2001; 161:929-936.

 

Wheaton EG. Advances in office anesthesia. The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice 1998; 11(3): 200-206.

 

Weinstein SM. Plumer's principles and practice of intravenous therapy. 7 edition. Lippincott, Philadelphia, 2001.

 

Wong D. Topical local anesthetics. American Journal of Nursing 2003; 103: 42-45.